Dr Marcus Badger

Profile
Publications

Professional biography

I’m a Senior Lecturer in Earth Sciences in the School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences at The Open University. My research concentrates on exploring the links between the Earth’s carbon cycle and climate on Cenozoic timescales, and I deploy a range of tools including organic geochemistry, foraminiferal geochemistry and General Circulation Models.

I graduated from Jesus College, University of Oxford with an MEarthSci (Hons) in Earth Sciences in 2005. Whilst there I worked on the prospects of developing a sea surface temperature proxy using stable strontium isotopes in coccolithophores calcite analysed by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). The project was supervised by Dr Ros Rickaby.

In 2005 I moved to the school of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University to conduct my doctoral research into middle Miocene climate dynamics, supervised by Dr Carrie Lear (Cardiff) and Prof Rich Pancost (Bristol). Using coupled organic and inorganic climate proxies, I constructed high resolution records of atmospheric pCO₂ (alkenone and boron isotopes) and sea surface temperatures (foraminifera Mg/Ca and alkenone unsaturation indices). These proxy records, coupled with carbon system models and carbonate stable isotopes, allowed me insight into carbon cycle dynamics at a critical interval of major ice sheet growth in Antarctica. My PhD was awarded in 2010.

Following my PhD I moved to the Organic Geochemistry Unit in the School of Chemistry to work with Prof. Rich Pancost as a postdoc. I've worked on a number of grants with Rich, developing records climate and environmental change at various times through the Cenozoic, working mainly with hyphenated techniques (GC-MS, LC-MS, GC-C-IRMS).

In October 2011 I moved to the department of Earth Sciences for a stint as a lecturer, before returning to the OGU to take up a post as a Senior Research Associate in March 2013. Research during this time focussed on terrestrial methane cycling during Paleogene greenhouse climates, which involved collaborative work using the Unified Model with colleagues from the BRIDGE group (Paul Valdes) alongside organic geochemical approaches.

Much of my research focusses on sediments recovered from the ocean floor, and in autumn 2013 I took a short break from the OGU to participate in the TROPICS research expedition aboard the RRS James Cook (pictured above). Details of the expedition can be found here: http://tropics.blogs.ilrt.org/.

I moved to School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences at The Open University in March 2016.

I went back to sea again in the summer of 2017, this time aboard the RRS Discovery to the Labrador Sea to participate in the European Research Council funded ICY-LAB project lead by Dr Kate Hendry from the University of Bristol. The expedition aims to increase our understanding of nutrient supply in the oceans. More details can be found on the project website: https://icylab.wordpress.com/.

Pronouns: he/him/his

Research interests

I study ancient climates using molecular fossils. When an organism dies, often components of the organic remains are preserved in sediments. By analysing molecules characteristic of particular organisms or environmental conditions (“biomarkers”) we can reconstruct ancient environmental parameters. My research primarily uses organic geochemical proxies analysed by GC, GC-MS, LC-MS and GC-C-IRMS to reconstruct sea surface temperatures (TEX₈₆ and U^K'₃₇) and atmospheric pCO₂ (alkenone δ¹³C) along with other key indicators of past climates.

I us a multi-proxy approach and so also utilise more ‘traditional’ inorganic proxies, based on the skeletal remains, such as planktic foraminiferal Mg/Ca, δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O. My research focuses on key periods in the Cenozoic (the last 66 million years) including the middle Miocene Climate Transition (when large ice sheets first appeared on East Antarctica), the warm Pliocene (one of the best partial analogues for future anthropogenic warmth) and the PETM (Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum).

The fidelity of our proxy methods for reconstructing ancient climate change is essential if we are to use that understanding to help predict the future, so a lot of my current efforts concentrate on thoroughly testing our proxies.

New capabilities

I'm currently setting up new (to the OU) processes in my labs and am interested in finding new collaborators! We have fantastic facilities and capabilities to run foraminiferal trace metal and organic geochemical analyses including lipid analyses by GC, GC-MS and GC-C-IRMS and GDGT analyses by HPLC-MS. If you have exciting ideas and samples get in touch!

Teaching interests

The Earth in My Pocket: An Introduction to Geology

I wrote the Future Learn MOOC "The Earth in My Pocket: An Introduction to Geology" with Dr Anne Jay in 2016. Get an introduction to geology, discover where materials that make up everyday objects come from and learn how to use them sustainably. Sign up now for the next run, or take the free OpenLean version anytime here

Science: Concepts and Practice (S112)

I'm a core author and, with Louise Macbrayne, co-chair of the first year module Science: Concepts and Practice (S112).The module provides a solid toolbox of knowledge, understanding, and skills for science students across the university. I wrote material on environmental change, living in a changing climate, and contributing material for other Earth science sections of the module.

Earth Processes (S309)

I'm a guest author on the level three module Earth Processes (S309), and wrote sections on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the science in society module in 2016. The course is one of the first OU courses to use direct authoring on the OpenEdx platform.

Terrestrial Ecosystems (S397)

I'm on the module team for the level three module Terrestrial Ecosystems (S397). I helped to refresh what has been a very popular module and make it fit for online delivery.

Impact and engagement

Climate Feedback

I'm a reviewer for Climate Feedback, a worldwide network of scientists sorting fact from fiction in climate change media coverage. You can find my recent reviews here.

BBC Co-productions

I'm an academic consultant for BBC Inside Science, broadcast on BBC Radio 4, and BBC Our Coast, broadcast on BBC2. More details on Inside Science can be found here, and the OpenLearn Materials we produced to accompany Our Coast are here.

Publications

Journal articles

Alkenone isotopes show evidence of active carbon concentrating mechanisms in coccolithophores as aqueous carbon dioxide concentrations fall below 7 μmol L⁻¹ (2021)
Badger, Marcus P. S.
Biogeosciences, 18(3) (pp. 1149-1160)

The biogeochemical impact of glacial meltwater from Southwest Greenland (2019-09)
Hendry, Katharine R.; Huvenne, Veerle A.I.; Robinson, Laura F.; Annett, Amber; Badger, Marcus; Jacobel, Allison W.; Chin Ng, Hong; Opher, Jacob; Pickering, Rebecca A.; Taylor, Michelle L.; Bates, Stephanie L.; Cooper, Adam; Cushman, Grace G.; Goodwin, Claire; Hoy, Shannon; Rowland, George; Samperiz, Ana; Williams, James A.; Achterberg, Eric P.; Arrowsmith, Carol; Alexander Brearley, J.; Henley, Sian F.; Krause, Jeffrey W.; Leng, Melanie J.; Li, Tao; McManus, Jerry F.; Meredith, Michael P.; Perkins, Rupert and Malcolm S. Woodward, E.
Progress in Oceanography, 176, Article 102126

A Predictive Algorithm For Wetlands In Deep Time Paleoclimate Models (2019-04-04)
Wilton, David J.; Badger, Marcus; Kantzas, Euripidies P.; Pancost, Richard D.; Valdes, Paul J. and Beerling, David J.
Geoscientific Model Development, 12 (pp. 1351-1364)

Insensitivity of alkenone carbon isotopes to atmospheric CO₂ at low to moderate CO₂ levels (2019-03-27)
Badger, Marcus; Chalk, Thomas B; Foster, Gavin L; Bown, Paul R; Gibbs, Samantha J; Sexton, Philip; Schmidt, Daniela N; Pälike, Heiko; Mackensen, A and Pancost, Richard D
Climate of the Past, 15 (pp. 539-554)

Correspondence: No substantial long-term bias in the Cenozoic benthic foraminifera oxygen-isotope record (2018-07-23)
Evans, David; Badger, Marcus P. S.; Foster, Gavin L.; Henehan, Michael J.; Lear, Caroline H. and Zachos, James C.
Nature Communications, 9, Article 2875

Causes of ice-age intensification across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (2017-12-12)
Chalk, Thomas B.; Hain, Mathis P.; Foster, Gavin L.; Rohling, Eelco J.; Sexton, Philip F.; Badger, Marcus P.; Cherry, Soraya G.; Hasenfratz, Adam P.; Haug, Gerald H.; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Martínez-García, Alfredo; Pälike, Heiko; Pancost, Richard D. and Wilson, Paul A.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114 (pp. 13114-13119)

Hydrological and associated biogeochemical consequences of rapid global warming during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (2017-08-12)
Carmichael, Matthew J.; Inglis, Gordon, N.; Badger, Marcus P.S.; Naafs, B. David A.; Behrooz, Leila; Remmelzwaal, Serginio; Monteiro, Fanny M.; Rohrssen, Megan; Farnsworth, Alexander; Buss, Heather L.; Dickson, Alexander J.; Valdes, Paul J.; Lunt, Daniel J. and Pancost, Richard D.
Global and Planetary Change, 157 (pp. 114-138)

The BRIDGE HadCM3 family of climate models: HadCM3@Bristol v1.0 (2017-02-08)
Valdes, Paul J.; Armstrong, Edaward; Badger, Marcus P.S.; Bradshaw, Catherine D.; Bragg, Fran; Davies-Barnard, Taraka; Day, Jonathan J.; Farnsworth, Alex; Hopcroft, Peter O.; Kennedy, Alan T.; Lord, Natalie S.; Lunt, Dan J.; Marzocchi, Alice; Parry, Louise M.; Roberts, William H.G.; Stone, Emma J.; Tourte, Gregory J.L. and Williams, Jonny H.T.
Geoscientific Model Development, 10 (pp. 3715-3743)

Newfoundland Neogene sediment drifts: transition from the Paleogene greenhouse to the modern icehouse (2015-05-29)
Friedrich, O.; Norris, R. D.; Wilson, P. A.; Opdyke, B. N.; workshop participants, ; Badger, Marcus and Sexton, Philip
Scientific Drilling, 19 (pp. 39-42)

Plio-Pleistocene climate sensitivity evaluated using high-resolution CO₂ records (2015-02-05)
Martinez-Botí, M. A.; Foster, G. L.; Chalk, T. B.; Rohling, E. J.; Sexton, P. F.; Lunt, D. J.; Pancost, R. D.; Badger, M. P. S. and Schmidt, D. N.
Nature, 518(7537) (pp. 49-54)

Extreme warming of tropical waters during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (2014-09)
Aze, T.; Pearson, P. N.; Dickson, A.J.; Badger, M.P.S.; Bown, P. R.; Pancost, R. D.; Gibbs, S. J.; Huber, B. T.; Leng, M. J.; Coe, A.L.; Cohen, A.S. and Foster, G. L.
Geology, 42(9) (pp. 739-742)

Three dimensional coupled model approaches to terrestrial methane cycling during Paleogene greenhouse climates (2014-07)
Badger, Marcus P.S.; Singarayer, Joy S.; Valdes, Paul J. and Pancost, Richard D.
Rendiconti online della Società Geologica Italiana, 31 (pp. 21-22)

High-resolution alkenone palaeobarometry indicates relatively stable pCO₂ during the Pliocene (3.3-2.8 Ma) (2013-10-23)
Badger, Marcus P.S.; Schmidt, Daniela N.; Mackensen, Andreas and Pancost, Richard D.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 371, Article 20130094(2001)

The response of calcifying plankton to climate change in the Pliocene (2013-09-30)
Davis, C. V.; Badger, M. P. S.; Bown, P. R. and Schmidt, D. N.
Biogeosciences, 10(9) (pp. 6131-6139)

Biogeochemistry: Ancient algae crossed a threshold (2013-08-29)
Pancost, Richard D.; Badger, Marcus P. S. and Reinfelder, John
Nature, 500(7464) (pp. 532-533)

CO₂ drawdown following the middle Miocene expansion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (2013)
Badger, Marcus P.S.; Lear, Caroline H.; Pancost, Richard D.; Foster, Gavin L.; Bailey, Trevor R.; Leng, Melanie J. and Abels, Hemmo A.
Paleoceanography, 28(1) (pp. 42-53)

Determining how atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have changed during the history of the Earth (2011-12)
Badger, Marcus P. S.; Pancost, Richard D. and Harrison, Timothy G.
School Science Review, 93(343) (pp. 49-57)

Conference items

Evidence for methane cycling in Paleogene terrestrial and marginal marine sediments (2015-08-21)
Rohrssen, M.; Inglis, G. N.; Badger, M. P. S.; Naafs, B. D. A.; Kennedy, E. M.; Collinson, M. E.; Singh, P. K.; Singh, M. P. and Pancost, R. D.
In : Goldschmidt Conference 2015 (16-21 Aug 2015, Prague, Czech Republic)

Low sensitivity of Alkenone carbon isotopes to atmospheric CO2 during the Plio-Pleistocene (2015-08-16)
Pancost, Richard D.; Badger, Marcus P. S.; Chalk, Thomas B.; Foster, Gavin L.; Bown, Paul R.; Gibbs, Samantha J.; Sexton, Philip F.; Pälike, Heiko and Mackensen, Andreas
In : Goldschmidt Conference 2015 (16-21 Aug 2015, Prague, Czech Republic)

Coupled model-data approach to terrestrial methane cycling during Paleogene greenhouse climates (2015-08-16)
Badger, M.P.S; Rohrssen, M.; Inglis, G.N.; Naafs, B.D.A.; Pancost, R.D.; Valdes, P.J.; Wilton, D.J.; Beerling, D.J.; Collinson, M.E.; Kennedy, E.M.; Singh, P.K. and Singh, M.P.
In : Goldschmidt Conference 2015 (16-21 Aug 2015, Prague, Czech Republic)

Biomarker approaches to greenhouse gas estimations through the Cenozoic: Recent developments and future directions (2015)
Badger, Marcus Peter Sebastian; Chalk, Thomas Ben; Foster, Gavin L.; Bown, Paul R.; Gibbs, Samantha; Sexton, Philip F.; Schmidt, Daniela N.; Pälike, Heiko; Mackensen, Andreas and Pancost, Richard D.
In : AGU Fall Meeting (14-18 Dec 2015, San Francisco, California)

Lignites as archives of ancient climate-biogeochemistry dynamics (2014)
Pancost, R. D.; Inglis, G. N.; Badger, M. P. S.; Naafs, B. D. A.; Zheng, Y.; Collinson, M. E. C.; Talbot, H.; Bischoff, J.; Carmichael, M. and Lunt, D.
In : Goldschmidt Conference 2014 (8-13 Jun 2014, Sacramento, U.S.A.)

Multiple pools of reduced carbon can be released during hyperthermals (2013-07)
Pancost, R. D.; Badger, M. P. S.; Naafs, B. D. A.; Froehner, S.; Castro, J. M.; De Gea, G.; Quijano, M. L.; Aguado, R.; Lowson, C. and Ridgwell, A. J.
In : Goldschmidt Conference 2013 (25-30 Aug 2013, Florence, Italy) (pp. 1918-1918)

New insights to the middle Miocene pCO₂ problem (2013)
Badger, M. P.; Foster, G. L.; Lear, C. H.; Pancost, R. D.; Bailey, T. R.; Leng, M. J. and Abels, H. A.
In : AGU Fall Meeting (9-13 Dec 2013, San Francisco, CA, USA)

Three dimensional coupled model approaches to terrestrial methane cycling during Paleogene greenhouse climates (2013)
Badger, M. P.; Singarayer, J.; Valdes, P. J.; Inglis, G. N. and Pancost, R. D.
In : AGU Fall Meeting (9-13 Dec 2013, San Francisco, CA, USA)

The importance of accurate and precise temperature reconstruction for alkenone paleobarometry (2012-11-01)
Badger, Marcus P. S. and Pancost, Rich D.
In : Goldschmidt Conference 2012 (24-29 Jun 2012, Montreal, Canada) (p 1446)

δ¹¹B-based atmospheric CO₂ records during the Pliocene at orbital resolution (2012)
Martinez-Boti, Miguel A.; Foster, Gavin L.; Badger, Marcus P. S.; Pancost, Richard D.; Schmidt, Daniela N. and Lunt, Daniel J.
In : Goldschmidt Conference 2012 (24-29 Jun 2012, Montreal, Canada) (pp. 2074-2074)

Orbital Scale alkenone based CO2 records across the Pliocene intensification of Northern hemisphere glaciation (2011-06)
Badger, M. P. S.; Bowler, G. C.; Davis, C.; Hull, A. C.; Potts, M. D. A.; Schmidt, D. N. and Pancost, R. D.
In : Goldschmidt 2011 (14-19 Aug 2011, Prague, Czech Republic) (pp. 467-467)

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Climate Following the Middle Miocene Expansion of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (2008)
Badger, M. P.; Lear, C. H.; Pancost, R. D.; Bailey, T. R.; Leng, M. J. and Abels, H. A.
In : AGU Fall Meeting 2008 (15-19 Dec 2008, San Francisco, California, USA)

Thesis

Middle Miocene carbon cycle dynamics: A multi-proxy approach (2010)
Badger, Marcus
PhD thesis Cardiff University

Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics

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